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{"id":3626,"date":"2018-11-08T08:00:19","date_gmt":"2018-11-08T11:00:19","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/?p=3626"},"modified":"2020-12-10T23:56:58","modified_gmt":"2020-12-11T02:56:58","slug":"virginia-woolf-uma-breve-biografia-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/opiniao\/virginia-woolf-uma-breve-biografia-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Virginia Woolf: uma breve biografia"},"content":{"rendered":"Virginia nasceu em Londres em 25 de janeiro de 1882. Era o fim da era vitoriana, per\u00edodo caracterizado pelo reinado da rainha Victoria, que durou quase 64 anos \u2013 \u00a0de 1837 at\u00e9 sua morte, em 1901. Foi uma \u00e9poca de grande prosperidade para a Inglaterra, gra\u00e7as \u00e0 expans\u00e3o imperial que ocorreu nos quatro cantos do mundo. A popula\u00e7\u00e3o do pa\u00eds quase duplicou e a ci\u00eancia avan\u00e7ou a passos largos. Em termos de costumes, a sociedade era extremamente puritana e valorizava a moralidade a disciplina. Os homens dominavam os espa\u00e7os p\u00fablicos e \u00e0s mulheres, restava a submiss\u00e3o, a dedica\u00e7\u00e3o ao lar e a educa\u00e7\u00e3o dos filhos. A castidade era uma virtude a ser protegida. Qualquer insatisfa\u00e7\u00e3o feminina era considerada um dist\u00farbio de ansiedade a ser tratado com medicamentos, psican\u00e1lise e outros tantos m\u00e9todos atualmente considerados controversos, para se dizer o m\u00ednimo.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nJulia Jackson, a m\u00e3e de Virginia, era vi\u00fava e m\u00e3e de 3 filhos, George, Stella e Gerald, quando conheceu Leslie Stephen, tamb\u00e9m vi\u00favo e pai de uma filha, Laura. Juntos, tiveram Vanessa, Thoby, Virginia e Adrian. A filha ca\u00e7ula dos Stephen foi educada por seu pai e por professores particulares. Leslie Stephen era escritor e fil\u00f3sofo e possu\u00eda uma vasta biblioteca \u00e0 qual Virginia e seus irm\u00e3os costumavam fazer uso com toda liberdade.\u00a0E<\/span>m 1895, aos 13 anos, a m\u00e3e de Virginia adoeceu e n\u00e3o conseguiu se recuperar. Sobre essa fase da vida, Virginia conta:<\/p>\nSua morte foi o pior desastre que podia ter acontecido; foi como se, num dia cristalino de primavera, as nuvens se tivessem de s\u00fabito juntado, imobilizado e enegrecido; o vento uivava e todas as criaturas da terra gemiam ou vagueavam, procurando em v\u00e3o.\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\nE acrescenta que “o lugar que [Julia] ocupava na fam\u00edlia era tal que sua morte n\u00e3o s\u00f3 apartou da nossa vista a figura central, como acarretou mudan\u00e7as t\u00e3o significativas nos relacionamentos que, durante bastante tempo, a vida nos pareceu incrivelmente estranha\u201d.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>No per\u00edodo que se seguiu \u00e0 morte da m\u00e3e, Stella, ent\u00e3o irm\u00e3 mais velha, viu-se impelida a assumir parte do papel materno, situa\u00e7\u00e3o que amenizou o luto de todos, em especial do pai de Virginia. No entanto, cerca de dois anos depois, outra morte atravessou o lar dos Stephen: dessa vez foi Stella, que partiu em 1897, aos 28 anos, v\u00edtima de uma peritonite, apenas 3 meses depois de seu casamento:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\u201cA sua morte [\u2026] inaugurou um per\u00edodo de melancolia oriental\u201d. \u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\nAinda na juventude, Virginia tamb\u00e9m perdeu o pai em 1904 e o irm\u00e3o Thoby, em 1906, de quem era muito pr\u00f3xima. No ano seguinte, a irm\u00e3 Vanessa casou-se com Clive Bell e aos 15 anos, Virginia viu-se, de certo modo, sozinha no mundo.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nA rela\u00e7\u00e3o com o pai foi carregada de ambiguidade. Por um lado, sentia partilhar o gosto pela leitura e pela escrita e costumava sentir um \u201corgulho pretensioso […] quando ele soltava uma exclama\u00e7\u00e3o de surpresa e satisfa\u00e7\u00e3o ao descobrir que [ela] lia um livro que nenhuma crian\u00e7a da [sua] idade entenderia\u201d. Por outro, Virginia dizia que \u201cmesmo agora [aos 48 anos] n\u00e3o consigo encontrar nada para dizer a respeito do comportamento dele, a n\u00e3o ser que era brutal. Se, no lugar de palavras, tivesse usado um chicote, a brutalidade n\u00e3o teria sido maior\u201d. Al\u00e9m disso, \u201c [..] o abismo entre n\u00f3s foi cavado pela diferen\u00e7a de idades que nos separava. Duas \u00e9pocas diferentes confrontavam-se na sala de estar de Hyde Park Gate [era comum dar nomes \u00e0s casas na Inglaterra]. A era vitoriana e a era eduardiana [o rei Edward sucedeu a rainha Victoria no trono da Inglaterra a partir de 1902]. N\u00e3o \u00e9ramos seus filhos; \u00e9ramos seus netos. Deveria ter havido uma gera\u00e7\u00e3o entre n\u00f3s para amortecer o contato\u201d.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nComo parte desse contexto patriarcal e moralista em que viviam, situamos tamb\u00e9m os abusos sexuais sofridos por Virginia e Vanessa e praticados pelos seus irm\u00e3os George e Gerald:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\u00a0<\/span>Certa vez, quando eu era muito pequena, Gerald Duckworth [meio-irm\u00e3o de Virginia] pegou-me ao colo, sentou-me nele e come\u00e7ou a explorar meu corpo. Recordo a sensa\u00e7\u00e3o transmitida pela sua m\u00e3o deslocando-se por baixo da minha roupa, avan\u00e7ando firme e perseverantemente para baixo, descendo cada vez mais. Recordo o meu desejo de que parasse com aquilo; o modo como me retesei e contorci quando a m\u00e3o dele se aproximou das minhas partes \u00edntimas. Todavia, ele n\u00e3o parou. Explorou minhas partes \u00edntimas tamb\u00e9m. Lembro-me de que isso me ofendeu, de n\u00e3o ter gostado: qual \u00e9 a palavra certa para descrever um sentimento t\u00e3o at\u00f4nito e complexo? Deve ter sido forte, uma vez que ainda o recordo.<\/strong><\/p>\nEntre seus irm\u00e3os, sempre se sentiu muito ligada a Vanessa. Partiu da irm\u00e3 a ideia de mudarem de casa ap\u00f3s a morte do pai. Era o ano de 1905 e essa mudan\u00e7a inaugurou uma nova fase na vida de todos. Foi na casa de Bloomsbury que iniciaram reuni\u00f5es com amigos em que discutiam os temas mais diversos – filosofia, literatura, arte, sexo: \u201cnaquele mundo povoado por homens, entrando e saindo naquela casa enorme de in\u00fameras divis\u00f5es, formamos o nosso n\u00facleo privado. Vejo-o como um pequeno centro sens\u00edvel de vida intensa; de solidariedade instant\u00e2nea\u201d.<\/p>\n
Mais a frente, esse coletivo passou a ser chamado de Grupo de Bloomsbury. Alguns dos participantes eram nomes como Saxon Sydney-Turner,\u00a0David Herbert Lawrence<\/a>,\u00a0Lytton Strachey<\/a>,\u00a0Leonard Woolf<\/a>, pintores como Mark Gertler,\u00a0Duncan Grant<\/a>,\u00a0Roger Fry<\/a>, cr\u00edticos como\u00a0Clive Bell<\/a>\u00a0e Desmond MacCarthy e cientistas como\u00a0John Maynard Keynes<\/a>\u00a0e\u00a0Bertrand Russell<\/a>. Foi numa destas reuni\u00f5es que Virginia conheceu Leonard Woolf, um funcion\u00e1rio do governo brit\u00e2nico a servi\u00e7o do colonialismo no Ceil\u00e3o, que veio a tornar-se seu marido e parceiro na vida. Casaram-se em 1912 e n\u00e3o tiveram filhas ou filhos. Leonard sempre lia os textos de Virginia e a acompanhava em seus interesses. Foi um grande companheiro durante os in\u00fameros per\u00edodos em que Virginia se encontrou adoentada, em meio a ataques de p\u00e2nico e crises de ansiedade. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nSobre a rela\u00e7\u00e3o com a irm\u00e3 Vanessa, Virginia recorda:<\/p>\n
Exploradoras e revolucion\u00e1rias, como ambas \u00e9ramos por natureza, viv\u00edamos sob a influ\u00eancia de uma sociedade uns cinquenta anos mais velha do que n\u00f3s. Foi este fato curioso que tornou a nossa luta t\u00e3o amarga e t\u00e3o violenta. \u00c9 que a sociedade na qual viv\u00edamos era ainda a sociedade vitoriana. O meu pai era um vitoriano t\u00edpico. George e Gerald [irm\u00e3os de Virginia] eram vitorianos aquiescentes e aprobativos. Assim sendo, t\u00ednhamos duas guerras para travar, uma contra eles individualmente e a outra contra eles socialmente. N\u00f3s viv\u00edamos, digamos, em 1910; eles, em 1860.\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\nNo cotidiano, essas influ\u00eancias tinham um contorno particular:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nDas dez a uma da tarde, a sociedade vitoriana n\u00e3o exercia sobre n\u00f3s nenhuma press\u00e3o em especial. [\u2026]. Durante tr\u00eas horas, viv\u00edamos num mundo que ainda hoje habitamos, pois, neste momento (novembro de 1940), ela est\u00e1 a pintar em Charleston e eu estou a escrever aqui, no meu escrit\u00f3rio, no jardim de Monks House.\u00a0 <\/span>[\u2026] A sociedade vitoriana come\u00e7ava a exercer a sua press\u00e3o por volta das quatro e meia. Em primeiro lugar, t\u00ednhamos de estar em casa; uma de n\u00f3s, sem d\u00favida, preferencialmente as duas; porque havia que servir o ch\u00e1 ao meu pai. [\u2026] era necess\u00e1rio estar presente, uma vez que o meu pai n\u00e3o iria servir o ch\u00e1 para si mesmo na sociedade daquele tempo.\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\nDesde muito pequena, Virginia tinha o h\u00e1bito de ler e escrever. \u201cHavia muito para aprender, livros para ler, e o sucesso e a felicidade deviam a\u00ed ser alcan\u00e7ados sem deslealdade\u201d. E esse era um h\u00e1bito que custava muito pouco (l\u00e1pis, papel, uma mesa e um pouco de sil\u00eancio), portanto, ela nunca foi muito importunada por faz\u00ea-lo. Sua vida consistia em muitas leituras e escritos, praticamente todos os dias. Mas somente em 1915, aos 33 anos, Virginia teve seu primeiro livro publicado. Mesmo tendo trabalhado como jornalista a partir de 1900, nada se comparava a colocar um livro no mundo. Por\u00e9m, as semanas que se seguiam \u00e0s publica\u00e7\u00f5es de seus escritos sempre foram um tormento para ela – ouso dizer que at\u00e9 o fim de sua vida.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nEm 1917, Virginia e Leonard abriram uma editora, a Hogarth Press, que logo transformou-se num neg\u00f3cio e passou a publicar livros do Grupo Bloomsbury, entre outros. Um dos grandes nomes lan\u00e7ados por ela foi T. S. Eliot.<\/p>\n
Virginia se tornou uma das escritoras mais importantes do s\u00e9culo XX. Rompeu com a moral vitoriana a partir da qual foi criada. Escreveu in\u00fameros romances, discutiu com muito empenho a condi\u00e7\u00e3o feminina. Falou de sexo, trabalho, dinheiro e papeis de g\u00eanero – mesmo sem usar estas palavras. A atualidade de suas reflex\u00f5es \u00e9 impressionante. N\u00e3o conseguimos superar muitas das contradi\u00e7\u00f5es apontadas por Virginia.<\/strong><\/p>\nA sua morte foi, sem d\u00favida, um momento tr\u00e1gico. Era 1941, a Segunda Guerra se desenrolava e Virginia somava ang\u00fastias e inquieta\u00e7\u00f5es. Seu \u00faltimo livro, a biografia de Roger Fry, havia sido recebido com frieza pela cr\u00edtica e sentia-se deprimida. Sob suas cabe\u00e7as, \u201ca batalha estava no auge\u201d e a guerra \u201caproximava-se de suas casas\u201d. O destino era incerto e, sobre ele, Virginia declarou: \u201cse formos derrotados – como quer que resolvamos esse problema, e uma das solu\u00e7\u00f5es \u00e9 aparentemente o suic\u00eddio (assim decidimos entre n\u00f3s h\u00e1 tr\u00eas noites, em Londres), escrever livros torna-se uma possibilidade duvidosa\u201d.\u00a0Ao decidir pelo suic\u00eddio, fez quest\u00e3o de deixar uma carta ao marido Leonard:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nQuerido,
\nTenho certeza de que enlouquecerei novamente. Sinto que n\u00e3o podemos passar por outro daqueles tempos terr\u00edveis. E, desta vez, n\u00e3o vou me recuperar. Come\u00e7o a escutar vozes e n\u00e3o consigo me concentrar. Por isso estou fazendo o que me parece ser a melhor coisa a fazer. Voc\u00ea tem me dado a maior felicidade poss\u00edvel. Voc\u00ea tem sido, em todos os aspectos, tudo o que algu\u00e9m poderia ser. N\u00e3o acho que duas pessoas poderiam ter sido mais felizes, at\u00e9 a chegada dessa terr\u00edvel doen\u00e7a. N\u00e3o consigo mais lutar. Sei que estou estragando a sua vida, que sem mim voc\u00ea poderia trabalhar. E voc\u00ea vai, eu sei. Veja que nem sequer consigo escrever isso apropriadamente. N\u00e3o consigo ler. O que quero dizer \u00e9 que devo toda a felicidade da minha vida a voc\u00ea. Voc\u00ea tem sido inteiramente paciente comigo e incrivelmente bom. Quero dizer que \u2013 todo mundo sabe disso. Se algu\u00e9m pudesse me salvar teria sido voc\u00ea. Tudo se foi para mim, menos a certeza da sua bondade. N\u00e3o posso continuar a estragar a sua vida. N\u00e3o creio que duas pessoas poderiam ter sido mais felizes do que n\u00f3s.<\/i>
\nV.<\/p>\n
\u00a0*<\/span>As cita\u00e7\u00f5es deste texto referem-se ao livro \u201cMomentos de Vida\u201d, uma colet\u00e2nea que re\u00fane cinco textos autobiogr\u00e1ficos de Virginia Woolf.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n** Este texto foi escrito a quatro m\u00e3os, por Nicole e Bianca Spohr. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Virginia se tornou uma das escritoras mais importantes do s\u00e9culo XX. Rompeu com a moral vitoriana a partir da qual foi criada. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":7965,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[206,125],"tags":[87,84,62,104],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3626"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3626"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3626\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7966,"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3626\/revisions\/7966"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7965"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3626"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3626"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3626"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}