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{"id":3256,"date":"2018-06-28T08:00:02","date_gmt":"2018-06-28T11:00:02","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/?p=3256"},"modified":"2021-01-05T00:59:31","modified_gmt":"2021-01-05T03:59:31","slug":"o-que-a-caca-as-bruxas-tem-a-ver-comigo-e-contigo","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/opiniao\/o-que-a-caca-as-bruxas-tem-a-ver-comigo-e-contigo\/","title":{"rendered":"O que a ca\u00e7a \u00e0s bruxas tem a ver comigo e contigo"},"content":{"rendered":"

Recentemente, li a frase: \u201cn\u00f3s somos as netas das bruxas que voc\u00eas n\u00e3o conseguiram queimar\u201d. Mexeu muito comigo. Algum tempo depois, ouvi falar de um livro que recontava a hist\u00f3ria da ca\u00e7a \u00e0s bruxas, s\u00f3 que com um vi\u00e9s feminista. Corri pra comprar Calib\u00e3 e a bruxa<\/a>, de Silvia Federici. A leitura \u00e9 de embrulhar o est\u00f4mago (veja aqui mais uma\u00a0an\u00e1lise<\/a>). Dif\u00edcil em alguns momentos, pois traz um panorama hist\u00f3rico bem denso mas importante pra situar os acontecimentos (a obra \u00e9 fruto de 30 anos de pesquisa!). Mas sabe aquele livro que voc\u00ea l\u00ea e vai concluindo: \u201cah, ent\u00e3o \u00e9 por isso que n\u00f3s fazemos as coisas desse modo hoje em dia\u201d? \u00c9 desses.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

O primeiro ponto que vale destacar \u00e9 que somente com o movimento feminista \u00e9 que o fen\u00f4meno hist\u00f3rico \u201cca\u00e7a \u00e0s bruxas\u201d saiu da clandestinidade e passou a ser estudado e entendido a partir de novas lentes. Nas \u00faltimas d\u00e9cadas, algumas historiadoras se deram conta de que milhares de mulheres n\u00e3o poderiam ter sido massacradas, torturadas, queimadas vivas ou enforcadas durante cerca de dois s\u00e9culos se n\u00e3o representassem um grande risco para a estrutura de poder da \u00e9poca. Tamb\u00e9m \u00e9 significativo que o que Silvia chamou de \u201cguerra contra as mulheres\u201d tenha acontecido ao mesmo tempo em que os europeus colonizavam e exterminavam popula\u00e7\u00f5es inteiras nas Am\u00e9ricas.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00e3o h\u00e1 estudos conclusivos, mas estima-se que cerca de 200 mil mulheres foram acusadas de bruxaria, sendo que pelo menos metade delas foi assassinada, de acordo com Anne Barstow, uma das fontes consultadas pela autora da obra. A grande inova\u00e7\u00e3o trazida por Silvia foi situar a ca\u00e7a \u00e0s bruxas em um per\u00edodo decisivo para a transi\u00e7\u00e3o para o capitalismo e forma\u00e7\u00e3o do proletariado moderno.\u00a0Nas palavras dela:<\/span><\/p>\n

A ca\u00e7a \u00e0s bruxas aprofundou a divis\u00e3o entre mulheres e homens, inculcou nos homens o medo do poder das mulheres e destruiu um universo de pr\u00e1ticas, cren\u00e7as e sujeitos sociais cuja exist\u00eancia era incompat\u00edvel com a disciplina do trabalho capitalista.\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Os primeiros julgamentos de bruxas ocorreram no sul da Fran\u00e7a, Alemanha, Su\u00ed\u00e7a e It\u00e1lia, na metade do s\u00e9culo XV, quando a feiti\u00e7aria foi declarada uma heresia e um crime contra Deus, a natureza e o Estado. O \u00e1pice das execu\u00e7\u00f5es se deu entre 1580 e 1630, \u201cnuma \u00e9poca em que as rela\u00e7\u00f5es feudais j\u00e1 estavam dando lugar \u00e0s institui\u00e7\u00f5es econ\u00f4micas e pol\u00edticas t\u00edpicas do capitalismo mercantil\u201d.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Silvia nos mostra que a ca\u00e7a \u00e0s bruxas foi um acontecimento pol\u00edtico de grande import\u00e2ncia, apoiado por ju\u00edzes, advogados, estadistas, cientistas, te\u00f3logos e fil\u00f3sofos como Hobbes, Bacon, Kepler, Galileu, Descartes, Shakespeare. Vale lembrar que os interrogat\u00f3rios e as torturas \u00e0s quais foram submetidas as bruxas foram a base para o m\u00e9todo da Nova Ci\u00eancia desenvolvido por Francis Bacon. Al\u00e9m disso, a \u201cIgreja Cat\u00f3lica forneceu o arcabou\u00e7o metaf\u00edsico e ideol\u00f3gico para a ca\u00e7a \u00e0s bruxas e estimulou sua persegui\u00e7\u00e3o\u201d. Silvia continua:<\/p>\n

Se considerarmos o contexto hist\u00f3rico no qual se produziu a ca\u00e7a \u00e0s bruxas, o g\u00eanero e a classe das acusadas, bem como os efeitos da persegui\u00e7\u00e3o, podemos concluir que a ca\u00e7a \u00e0s bruxas na Europa foi um ataque \u00e0 resist\u00eancia que as mulheres apresentaram contra a difus\u00e3o das rela\u00e7\u00f5es capitalistas e contra o poder que obtiveram em virtude de sua sexualidade, de seu controle sobre a reprodu\u00e7\u00e3o e de sua capacidade de cura.\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Por tr\u00e1s desse fen\u00f4meno, estava a expans\u00e3o do capitalismo rural, que levou ao aumento da pobreza, fome e deslocamentos sociais. O poder foi transferido para uma nova classe, que temia as formas de vida comunais t\u00edpicas da era pr\u00e9-capitalista. \u201cA ca\u00e7a \u00e0s bruxas foi tamb\u00e9m instrumento da constru\u00e7\u00e3o de uma nova ordem patriarcal em que os corpos das mulheres, seu trabalho e seus poderes sexuais e reprodutivos foram colocados sob o controle do Estado e transformados em recursos econ\u00f4micos\u201d.<\/p>\n

As acusa\u00e7\u00f5es a que tais mulheres eram submetidas eram, muitas vezes obscuras e teriam ocorrido d\u00e9cadas antes. Algo parecido com as acusa\u00e7\u00f5es de terrorismo nos dias de hoje. A maioria das acusadas eram camponesas pobres e grande parte dos acusadores eram membros abastados das estruturas locais de poder, que tinham la\u00e7os com o Estado. Na Inglaterra, as bruxas eram normalmente mulheres velhas que mendigavam por peda\u00e7os de comida e viviam de assist\u00eancia p\u00fablica.<\/p>\n

Silvia explica que \u201cquanto ao crimes diab\u00f3licos das bruxas, eles n\u00e3o nos parecem mais que a luta de classes desenvolvida na escala do vilarejo: o \u2018mau-olhado\u2019, a maldi\u00e7\u00e3o do mendigo a quem se negou a esmola, a inadimpl\u00eancia do pagamento do aluguel, a demanda por assist\u00eancia p\u00fablica\u201d.\u00a0Os encontros atuais de mulheres discutindo sexualidade, sagrado feminino ou obras como Mulheres que correm com os lobos seriam facilmente descritos como bruxaria.\u00a0<\/span>A magia e toda a gama de curas com base em ervas eram vistas como obst\u00e1culos para a racionaliza\u00e7\u00e3o do processo de trabalho. \u201cO mundo precisava ser \u2018desencantado\u2019 para ser dominado\u201d.\u00a0Ou seja,<\/span><\/p>\n

foi principalmente devido \u00e0s capacidades como feiticeiras, curandeiras, encantadoras ou adivinhas que as mulheres foram perseguidas, pois, ao recorrerem ao poder da magia, debilitavam o poder do Estado, dando confian\u00e7a aos pobres em sua capacidade para manipular o ambiente natural e social e, possivelmente, para subverter a ordem constitu\u00edda.\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Outras acusa\u00e7\u00f5es inclu\u00edam pervers\u00e3o sexual e infantic\u00eddio, que vinham acompanhadas de uma demoniza\u00e7\u00e3o das pr\u00e1ticas contraceptivas, amplamente dominadas pelas mulheres. A ca\u00e7a \u00e0s bruxas tamb\u00e9m pode ser entendida como uma tentativa de criminalizar o controle da natalidade e de colocar o corpo feminino a servi\u00e7o do aumento da popula\u00e7\u00e3o e da acumula\u00e7\u00e3o da for\u00e7a de trabalho. Em outras palavras, a ca\u00e7a \u00e0s bruxas expropriou os corpos das mulheres, que passaram a funcionar como m\u00e1quinas para produzir m\u00e3o de obra. N\u00e3o \u00e9 coincid\u00eancia que este per\u00edodo coincide com o in\u00edcio das medi\u00e7\u00f5es demogr\u00e1ficas e com a emerg\u00eancia de uma nova forma de pensar: a classe pol\u00edtica estava preocupada com a diminui\u00e7\u00e3o da natalidade e convicta de que uma popula\u00e7\u00e3o numerosa era a maior riqueza de uma na\u00e7\u00e3o.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

A bruxa tamb\u00e9m era aquela mulher que vivenciava sua sexualidade fora dos padr\u00f5es do casamento e da procria\u00e7\u00e3o. Era tamb\u00e9m a mulher libertina, ad\u00faltera, rebelde, t\u00e3o agressiva e vigorosa quanto um homem. M\u00e1 reputa\u00e7\u00e3o j\u00e1 era prova de culpa. Seria imposs\u00edvel impor o tipo de fam\u00edlia que emergia na \u00e9poca – marido como rei e mulher subordinada, devotada ao lar e aos filhos – se as mulheres pudessem ser livres. Uma mulher sexualmente ativa era considerada um perigo p\u00fablico, pois acreditava-se que ela subvertia o senso de responsabilidade do homem, bem como sua capacidade de trabalho e autocontrole.\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

As acusadas eram submetidas a todo tipo de torturas e eram v\u00edtimas de sadismo sexual.\u00a0Pelo procedimento padr\u00e3o, de acordo com Silvia, as mulheres\u00a0<\/span>“eram despidas e depiladas [\u2026], depois eram furadas com longas agulhas por todo o corpo, inclusive na vagina [\u2026]. Muitas vezes eram estupradas, [\u2026], seus membros eram arrancados, sentavam-nas em cadeiras de ferro embaixo das quais se acendia fogo; seus ossos eram esmagados”.\u00a0Silva conclui que<\/span><\/p>\n

A ca\u00e7a \u00e0s bruxas foi, portanto, uma guerra contra as mulheres; foi uma tentativa coordenada de degrad\u00e1-las, de demoniza-las e de destruir seu poder social. <\/strong><\/p>\n

Foi nessa \u00e9poca que as parteiras e obstetrizes passaram a ser impedidas ou desestimuladas a praticar seu of\u00edcio, pois sendo o parto um evento exclusivamente feminino, era automaticamente suspeito. Quem confiaria que aquele beb\u00ea nasceu realmente morto? Foi a\u00ed que os homens come\u00e7aram a entrar na cena do parto e todas sabemos a perda coletiva que isso significou, a julgar pela epidemia de ces\u00e1reas no Brasil nos dias de hoje. Na mesma \u00e9poca, as amizades entre mulheres viraram objeto de suspeita, pois representavam um risco \u00e0 uni\u00e3o entre marido e mulher. A palavra gossip<\/i>, que na Idade M\u00e9dia significava \u201camiga\u201d, mudou de sentido e passou a significar \u201cfofoca\u201d.<\/p>\n

Alguma semelhan\u00e7a com os dias de hoje?<\/p>\n

Refer\u00eancia<\/p>\n

FEDERICI, SILVIA. Calib\u00e3 e a bruxa<\/strong>: mulheres, corpo e acumula\u00e7\u00e3o primitiva. S\u00e3o Paulo: Editora Elefante, 2017.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

A ca\u00e7a \u00e0s bruxas foi, portanto, uma guerra contra as mulheres; foi uma tentativa coordenada de degrad\u00e1-las, de demoniza-las e de destruir seu poder social<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":3257,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[205,125],"tags":[74,108,91,132],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3256"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3256"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3256\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8091,"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3256\/revisions\/8091"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3257"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3256"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3256"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3256"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}