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{"id":2904,"date":"2018-04-03T08:00:40","date_gmt":"2018-04-03T11:00:40","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/?p=2904"},"modified":"2021-01-05T01:41:57","modified_gmt":"2021-01-05T04:41:57","slug":"e-menino-ou-menina","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/opiniao\/e-menino-ou-menina\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00c9 menino ou menina?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Essa \u00e9 certamente uma das perguntas mais ouvidas pelos pais ao longo da gesta\u00e7\u00e3o. A resposta determina os tipos (e cores) da maioria dos presentes e direciona tamb\u00e9m boa parte dos coment\u00e1rios e conselhos recebidos. A resposta \u201cmenino\u201d, geralmente leva a presentes em tons de azul, brinquedos como carrinhos e coment\u00e1rios sobre futuras namoradas, enquanto a resposta \u201cmenina\u201d provoca uma onda de presentes cor de rosa, bonecas, babados e exclama\u00e7\u00f5es como \u201cser\u00e1 uma princesa!\u201d.<\/p>\n

Mas qual seria a efetiva diferen\u00e7a para os pais na cria\u00e7\u00e3o dos filhos e filhas? E se pens\u00e1ssemos em cri\u00e1-los da mesma maneira, independente do sexo? \u00c0 primeira vista tal proposta pode soar estranha, pois estamos habituados a reconhecer certas atividades ou caracter\u00edsticas como \u201cde menino\u201d ou \u201cde menina\u201d, ap\u00f3s um exerc\u00edcio de reflex\u00e3o, por\u00e9m, \u00e9 poss\u00edvel perceber que grande parte de tais diferen\u00e7as n\u00e3o \u00e9 efetivamente biol\u00f3gica e sim cultural. A historiadora Joan Scott<\/a> (1991) trabalha em seus estudos a ideia de que em geral as caracter\u00edsticas consideradas como masculinas ou femininas n\u00e3o decorrem das diferen\u00e7as f\u00edsicas mas de constru\u00e7\u00f5es culturais, sendo os aspectos biol\u00f3gicos utilizados como justificativa para tal diferencia\u00e7\u00e3o, ou seja, \u00e9 a sociedade que define os pap\u00e9is de meninos, meninas e, consequentemente, homens e mulheres, os espa\u00e7os que devem ocupar, os comportamentos esperados e aceitos, assim como seus desvios, o que foge ao padr\u00e3o e \u00e9, portanto, considerado anormal.<\/p>\n

Afirma\u00e7\u00f5es como \u201cmeninos s\u00e3o mais exploradores\u201d, \u201cmeninas s\u00e3o mais calmas\u201d, \u201cmeninos devem brincar de luta, de carrinhos\u201d, \u201cmeninas devem brincar de casinha, de bonecas\u201d, \u201cmeninos n\u00e3o devem chorar\u201d e outros similares s\u00e3o ouvidos, repetidos tantas vezes ao longo da vida, que s\u00e3o considerados verdadeiros sem maiores questionamentos e reproduzidos de gera\u00e7\u00e3o em gera\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n

S\u00e3o os estere\u00f3tipos de g\u00eanero que, aparentemente inofensivos, criam padr\u00f5es, r\u00f3tulos e expectativas que dirigem e limitam sobremaneira a atua\u00e7\u00e3o das crian\u00e7as e, posteriormente, dos adultos que elas se tornar\u00e3o, al\u00e9m de mecanismos, por vezes sutis, de san\u00e7\u00f5es e recompensas para os que fogem ou se adequam a tais padr\u00f5es, com vistas a refor\u00e7\u00e1-los e mant\u00ea-los.<\/p>\n

Numa r\u00e1pida visita a uma desde loja de brinquedos ou de roupas infantis \u00e9 poss\u00edvel perceber que tais estere\u00f3tipos s\u00e3o apresentados \u00e0s crian\u00e7as desde muito cedo, sendo os meninos claramente incentivados a se aventurar, com uma imensa variedade de brinquedos voltados \u00e0 explora\u00e7\u00e3o, relacionados \u00e0s mais diversas profiss\u00f5es, her\u00f3is prontos para salvar o mundo, roupas coloridas e confort\u00e1veis, enquanto as meninas s\u00e3o direcionadas a brincadeiras que remetem ao ambiente dom\u00e9stico, como cozinhas, panelinhas, eletrodom\u00e9sticos, casinhas e bonecas, em geral vestidas de rosa da cabe\u00e7a aos p\u00e9s, com roupas bem menos confort\u00e1veis\u00a0 e que por vezes restringem movimentos e v\u00eam acompanhadas de coment\u00e1rios como \u201cvoc\u00ea est\u00e1 de vestido, n\u00e3o pode pular assim\u201d, \u201csente-se como uma mocinha\u201d. Naturalizam-se ent\u00e3o ideias como as de que tarefas dom\u00e9sticas e cuidado com filhos s\u00e3o responsabilidades femininas enquanto aos homens cabe o papel de provedor, de que homens devem ser fortes e n\u00e3o podem demonstrar medo ou fraqueza, ao passo que mulheres s\u00e3o fr\u00e1geis e sentimentais, devendo ser recatadas e contidas, sendo desencorajadas a exercer atividades de lideran\u00e7a ou que demonstrem for\u00e7a, sob pena de perderem a feminilidade. \u00c9 n\u00edtido que tais padr\u00f5es s\u00e3o prejudiciais tanto para as mulheres quanto para os homens.<\/p>\n

Abordar quest\u00f5es de g\u00eanero \u00e9, portanto, extremamente importante, por\u00e9m n\u00e3o se trata de uma tarefa simples. Inicialmente em raz\u00e3o de o pr\u00f3prio termo \u201cg\u00eanero\u201d ser, com frequ\u00eancia, interpretado de maneira equivocada, como ocorre com outros termos e temas centrais no assunto, como \u201cfeminismo\u201d e \u201cfeminista\u201d, que s\u00e3o muitas vezes distorcidos e empregados de maneira pejorativa, sendo a eles atribu\u00eddos um peso negativo que leva a uma injustificada rejei\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n

O g\u00eanero \u00e9 utilizado atualmente como uma categoria de an\u00e1lise que considera as constru\u00e7\u00f5es culturais a partir das diferen\u00e7as biol\u00f3gicas entre os sexos. Ele revela que as caracter\u00edsticas tradicionalmente atribu\u00eddas aos homens e \u00e0s mulheres como naturais, decorrentes das diferen\u00e7as anat\u00f4micas e hormonais, na verdade, decorrem da combina\u00e7\u00e3o de diversos fatores como a estrutura social, pol\u00edtica, valores morais e cren\u00e7as religiosas que, em conjunto, estabelecem e propagam modelos de masculinidade e feminilidade.<\/p>\n

O feminismo, por sua vez, trata da busca pela igualdade de direitos entre homens e mulheres, apenas pelo fato de serem pessoas que, portanto, devem ter oportunidades iguais independente do sexo, de modo que feminista \u00e9 simplesmente a pessoa que defende que todos os indiv\u00edduos s\u00e3o igualmente sujeitos de direitos.<\/p>\n

Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie<\/a> (2014, 2017) ressalta a necessidade do reconhecimento da opress\u00e3o e exclus\u00e3o historicamente sofridas pelas mulheres, frisando que a repeti\u00e7\u00e3o de certas situa\u00e7\u00f5es faz com que elas, por mais injustas que sejam, parecem naturais e a desigualdade passe despercebida. Ela exemplifica que o fato de repetidamente vermos apenas homens em cargos de chefia faz com que consideremos normal n\u00e3o haver mulheres em tais posi\u00e7\u00f5es. A autora enfoca ainda a atua\u00e7\u00e3o da fam\u00edlia e da sociedade na reprodu\u00e7\u00e3o ou ruptura com os estere\u00f3tipos de g\u00eanero e a import\u00e2ncia da educa\u00e7\u00e3o pautada na igualdade entre homens e mulheres.<\/p>\n

Cl\u00e1udia Vianna e Daniela Finco (2009), realizaram uma pesquisa em um estabelecimento de educa\u00e7\u00e3o infantil, e observaram que as expectativas s\u00e3o diferenciadas e que determinadas habilidades e comportamentos s\u00e3o incentivados ou desencorajados tratando-se de meninos ou de meninas. Conclu\u00edram que pequenos gestos e pr\u00e1ticas cotidianas contribuem para o refor\u00e7o dos modelos de masculinidade e feminilidade vigentes e tamb\u00e9m para a perpetua\u00e7\u00e3o de desigualdades de g\u00eanero, j\u00e1 que o acesso \u00e0s variadas dimens\u00f5es da cultura infantil \u00e9 controlado de acordo com o sexo, mas que as crian\u00e7as pequenas ainda n\u00e3o possuem certos preconceitos e em geral enxergam com naturalidade atitudes fora dos padr\u00f5es impostos, de modo que a educa\u00e7\u00e3o a eles dirigida \u00e9 determinante para a limita\u00e7\u00e3o ou amplia\u00e7\u00e3o de suas aspira\u00e7\u00f5es e pap\u00e9is na vida adulta.<\/p>\n

Podemos concluir, assim, que compreender que os padr\u00f5es de comportamento n\u00e3o s\u00e3o determinados biologicamente (e assim imut\u00e1veis), mas sim constru\u00eddos e refor\u00e7ados por fatores culturais, portanto vari\u00e1veis, nos permite perceber que n\u00e3o nascemos pr\u00e9 programados a agir de acordo com os modelos vigentes, mas fomos ensinados a segui-los. Possibilita tamb\u00e9m o entendimento de que as crian\u00e7as aprendem com os ensinamentos e, principalmente, com os exemplos dos adultos a seu redor, de modo que podemos, e mais que isso, devemos, enxergar nossos filhos e filhas como indiv\u00edduos, com suas voca\u00e7\u00f5es, interesses e habilidades pr\u00f3prios, respeit\u00e1-los e incentiv\u00e1-los em suas escolhas.<\/p>\n

\u00c9 para tanto, de extrema import\u00e2ncia o exerc\u00edcio di\u00e1rio de observar nossas pr\u00f3prias atitudes e repens\u00e1-las de modo a ultrapassar as ideias que limitam e oprimem as crian\u00e7as simplesmente para que se adequem a um padr\u00e3o, muitas vezes em detrimento de sua pr\u00f3pria felicidade. Desconstruindo preconceitos nas pequenas a\u00e7\u00f5es, como por exemplo n\u00e3o rotular brinquedos e brincadeiras como \u201cde menino\u201d ou \u201cde menina\u201d, podemos colaborar para a diminui\u00e7\u00e3o da desigualdade de g\u00eanero e para propiciar a nossas crian\u00e7as um futuro de mais igualdade, oportunidades e realiza\u00e7\u00e3o pessoal.<\/p>\n

Sugest\u00e3o de leitura:<\/p>\n

Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie proporciona em suas obras, em especial: Para educar crian\u00e7as feministas \u2013 um manifesto<\/a>\u00a0e Sejamos todos feministas<\/a>, uma leitura r\u00e1pida e extremamente esclarecedora.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Essa \u00e9 certamente uma das perguntas mais ouvidas pelos pais ao longo da gesta\u00e7\u00e3o. A resposta determina os tipos (e cores) da maioria dos presentes e direciona tamb\u00e9m boa parte dos coment\u00e1rios e conselhos recebidos. A resposta \u201cmenino\u201d, geralmente leva a presentes em tons de azul, brinquedos como carrinhos e coment\u00e1rios sobre futuras namoradas, enquanto […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":34,"featured_media":3023,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[207,125],"tags":[103,107,117,106],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2904"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/34"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2904"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2904\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8104,"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2904\/revisions\/8104"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3023"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2904"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2904"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2904"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}