Deprecated: Return type of WP_Theme::offsetExists($offset) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetExists(mixed $offset): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home2/falafrid/public_html/wp-includes/class-wp-theme.php on line 554

Deprecated: Return type of WP_Theme::offsetGet($offset) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetGet(mixed $offset): mixed, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home2/falafrid/public_html/wp-includes/class-wp-theme.php on line 595

Deprecated: Return type of WP_Theme::offsetSet($offset, $value) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetSet(mixed $offset, mixed $value): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home2/falafrid/public_html/wp-includes/class-wp-theme.php on line 535

Deprecated: Return type of WP_Theme::offsetUnset($offset) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetUnset(mixed $offset): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home2/falafrid/public_html/wp-includes/class-wp-theme.php on line 544

Deprecated: Return type of WP_REST_Request::offsetExists($offset) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetExists(mixed $offset): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home2/falafrid/public_html/wp-includes/rest-api/class-wp-rest-request.php on line 960

Deprecated: Return type of WP_REST_Request::offsetGet($offset) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetGet(mixed $offset): mixed, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home2/falafrid/public_html/wp-includes/rest-api/class-wp-rest-request.php on line 980

Deprecated: Return type of WP_REST_Request::offsetSet($offset, $value) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetSet(mixed $offset, mixed $value): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home2/falafrid/public_html/wp-includes/rest-api/class-wp-rest-request.php on line 992

Deprecated: Return type of WP_REST_Request::offsetUnset($offset) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetUnset(mixed $offset): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home2/falafrid/public_html/wp-includes/rest-api/class-wp-rest-request.php on line 1003

Deprecated: Return type of WP_Block_List::current() should either be compatible with Iterator::current(): mixed, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home2/falafrid/public_html/wp-includes/class-wp-block-list.php on line 151

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Deprecated: Return type of WP_Block_List::valid() should either be compatible with Iterator::valid(): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home2/falafrid/public_html/wp-includes/class-wp-block-list.php on line 186

Deprecated: Return type of WP_Block_List::rewind() should either be compatible with Iterator::rewind(): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home2/falafrid/public_html/wp-includes/class-wp-block-list.php on line 138

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Deprecated: Return type of WP_Block_List::offsetSet($index, $value) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetSet(mixed $offset, mixed $value): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home2/falafrid/public_html/wp-includes/class-wp-block-list.php on line 110

Deprecated: Return type of WP_Block_List::offsetUnset($index) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetUnset(mixed $offset): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home2/falafrid/public_html/wp-includes/class-wp-block-list.php on line 127

Deprecated: Return type of WP_Block_List::count() should either be compatible with Countable::count(): int, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home2/falafrid/public_html/wp-includes/class-wp-block-list.php on line 199

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Deprecated: Return type of FS_Key_Value_Storage::offsetUnset($k) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetUnset(mixed $offset): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home2/falafrid/public_html/wp-content/plugins/ajax-search-for-woocommerce/fs/lib/includes/managers/class-fs-key-value-storage.php on line 313

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Deprecated: Return type of FS_Key_Value_Storage::next() should either be compatible with Iterator::next(): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home2/falafrid/public_html/wp-content/plugins/ajax-search-for-woocommerce/fs/lib/includes/managers/class-fs-key-value-storage.php on line 339

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Deprecated: Return type of FS_Key_Value_Storage::valid() should either be compatible with Iterator::valid(): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home2/falafrid/public_html/wp-content/plugins/ajax-search-for-woocommerce/fs/lib/includes/managers/class-fs-key-value-storage.php on line 362

Deprecated: Return type of FS_Key_Value_Storage::rewind() should either be compatible with Iterator::rewind(): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home2/falafrid/public_html/wp-content/plugins/ajax-search-for-woocommerce/fs/lib/includes/managers/class-fs-key-value-storage.php on line 375

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Deprecated: Return type of WPCF7_FormTag::offsetUnset($offset) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetUnset(mixed $offset): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home2/falafrid/public_html/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/form-tag.php on line 400

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{"id":2612,"date":"2017-12-01T08:00:38","date_gmt":"2017-12-01T11:00:38","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/?p=2612"},"modified":"2021-01-06T10:21:16","modified_gmt":"2021-01-06T13:21:16","slug":"virginia-woolf-uma-breve-biografia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/opiniao\/virginia-woolf-uma-breve-biografia\/","title":{"rendered":"Virginia Woolf: uma breve biografia"},"content":{"rendered":"

Virginia nasceu em Londres em 25 de janeiro de 1882. Era o fim da era vitoriana, per\u00edodo caracterizado pelo reinado da rainha Victoria, que durou quase 64 anos \u2013 o segundo mais longo do Reino Unido – de 1837 at\u00e9 sua morte, em 1901. Foi uma \u00e9poca de grande prosperidade para a Inglaterra, gra\u00e7as \u00e0 expans\u00e3o imperial que ocorreu nos quatro cantos do mundo. A popula\u00e7\u00e3o do pa\u00eds quase duplicou e a ci\u00eancia avan\u00e7ou a passos largos. Em termos de costumes, a sociedade era extremamente puritana e valorizava a moralidade e a disciplina. Os homens dominavam os espa\u00e7os p\u00fablicos e \u00e0s mulheres, restava a submiss\u00e3o, a dedica\u00e7\u00e3o ao lar e a educa\u00e7\u00e3o dos filhos. A castidade era uma virtude a ser protegida. Qualquer tipo de insatisfa\u00e7\u00e3o feminina era considerado um dist\u00farbio de ansiedade a ser tratado com medicamentos, psican\u00e1lise e outros tantos m\u00e9todos atualmente considerados controversos, para se dizer o m\u00ednimo.<\/p>\n

Julia Jackson, m\u00e3e de Virginia, era vi\u00fava e m\u00e3e de 3 filhos, George, Stella e Gerald, quando conheceu Leslie Stephen, tamb\u00e9m vi\u00favo e pai de uma filha, Laura. Juntos, tiveram Vanessa, Thoby, Virginia e Adrian. A filha mais jovem dos Stephen foi educada por seu pai e por professores particulares. Leslie Stephen era escritor e fil\u00f3sofo e possu\u00eda uma vasta biblioteca \u00e0 qual Virginia, suas irm\u00e3s e irm\u00e3os costumavam fazer uso com toda liberdade.<\/p>\n

Em 1895, aos 13 anos, Virginia viu sua m\u00e3e adoecer e, sem mais, simplesmente morrer. Sobre essa fase da vida, Virginia conta na p\u00e1gina 47:<\/p>\n

Sua morte foi o pior desastre que podia ter acontecido; foi como se, num dia cristalino de primavera, as nuvens se tivessem de s\u00fabito juntado, imobilizado e enegrecido; o vento uivava e todas as criaturas da terra gemiam ou vagueavam, procurando em v\u00e3o.<\/strong><\/p>\n

E acrescenta: “O lugar que [Julia] ocupava na fam\u00edlia era tal que sua morte n\u00e3o s\u00f3 apartou da nossa vista a figura central, como acarretou mudan\u00e7as t\u00e3o significativas nos relacionamentos que, durante bastante tempo, a vida nos pareceu incrivelmente estranha”\u00a0(p. 55). No per\u00edodo que se seguiu \u00e0 morte da m\u00e3e, Stella, ent\u00e3o irm\u00e3 mais velha, viu-se impelida a assumir parte do papel materno, situa\u00e7\u00e3o que amenizou o luto de todos, em especial do pai de Virginia. No entanto, cerca de dois anos depois, outra morte atravessou o lar dos Stephen: dessa vez foi Stella, que partiu em 1897, aos 28 anos, v\u00edtima de uma peritonite, apenas 3 meses depois de seu casamento:<\/p>\n

A sua morte [\u2026] inaugurou um per\u00edodo de melancolia oriental (p. 49).<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ainda na juventude, Virginia perdeu o pai em 1904 e o irm\u00e3o Thoby em 1906, de quem era muito pr\u00f3xima. No ano seguinte, Vanessa casou-se com Clive Bell e aos 15 anos Virginia viu-se, de certo modo, sozinha no mundo.<\/p>\n

A rela\u00e7\u00e3o com o pai foi carregada de ambiguidade. Por um lado, partilhava o gosto pela leitura e pela escrita e costumava sentir um \u201corgulho pretensioso […] quando ele soltava uma exclama\u00e7\u00e3o de surpresa e satisfa\u00e7\u00e3o ao descobrir que [ela] lia um livro que nenhuma crian\u00e7a da [sua] idade entenderia\u201d (p. 136). Por outro, Virginia dizia que \u201cmesmo agora [aos 48 anos] n\u00e3o consigo encontrar nada para dizer a respeito do comportamento dele, a n\u00e3o ser que era brutal. Se, no lugar de palavras, tivesse usado um chicote, a brutalidade n\u00e3o teria sido maior\u201d (p. 174). Al\u00e9m disso, \u201c [..] o abismo entre n\u00f3s foi cavado pela diferen\u00e7a de idades que nos separava. Duas \u00e9pocas diferentes confrontavam-se na sala de estar de Hyde Park Gate [era comum dar nomes \u00e0s casas na Inglaterra]. A era vitoriana e a era eduardiana [o rei Edward sucedeu a rainha Victoria no trono da Inglaterra]. N\u00e3o \u00e9ramos seus filhos; \u00e9ramos seus netos. Deveria ter havido uma gera\u00e7\u00e3o entre n\u00f3s para amortecer o contato\u201d (p. 176).<\/p>\n

Com os irm\u00e3os George e Gerald, a rela\u00e7\u00e3o tampouco fora mais tranquila. Tanto Virginia quanto Vanessa relataram os abusos sofridos:<\/p>\n

\u00a0Certa vez, quando eu era muito pequena, Gerald Duckworth [meio-irm\u00e3o de Virginia] pegou-me ao colo, sentou-me nele e come\u00e7ou a explorar meu corpo. Recordo a sensa\u00e7\u00e3o transmitida pela sua m\u00e3o deslocando-se por baixo da minha roupa, avan\u00e7ando firme e perseverantemente para baixo, descendo cada vez mais. Recordo o meu desejo de que parasse com aquilo; o modo como me retesei e contorci quando a m\u00e3o dele se aproximou das minhas partes \u00edntimas. Todavia, ele n\u00e3o parou. Explorou minhas partes \u00edntimas tamb\u00e9m. Lembro-me de que isso me ofendeu, de n\u00e3o ter gostado: qual \u00e9 a palavra certa para descrever um sentimento t\u00e3o at\u00f4nito e complexo? Deve ter sido forte, uma vez que ainda o recordo (p. 82-83).<\/strong><\/p>\n

Entre suas irm\u00e3s, sempre se sentiu muito ligada a Vanessa. Partiu dela a ideia de mudarem de casa ap\u00f3s a morte do pai. Era o ano de 1905 e essa mudan\u00e7a inaugurou uma nova fase na vida de todos. Foi na casa de Bloomsbury que iniciaram reuni\u00f5es com amigos em que discutiam os temas mais diversos – filosofia, literatura, arte, sexo: \u201cnaquele mundo povoado por homens, entrando e saindo naquela casa enorme de in\u00fameras divis\u00f5es, formamos o nosso n\u00facleo privado. Vejo-o como um pequeno centro sens\u00edvel de vida intensa; de solidariedade instant\u00e2nea\u201d (p. 172).<\/p>\n

Mais a frente, esse coletivo passou a ser chamado de Grupo de Bloomsbury. Alguns dos participantes eram nomes como Saxon Sydney-Turner,\u00a0David Herbert Lawrence<\/a>,\u00a0Lytton Strachey<\/a>,\u00a0Leonard Woolf<\/a>, pintores como Mark Gertler,\u00a0Duncan Grant<\/a>,\u00a0Roger Fry<\/a>, cr\u00edticos como\u00a0Clive Bell<\/a>\u00a0e Desmond MacCarthy e cientistas como\u00a0John Maynard Keynes<\/a>\u00a0e\u00a0Bertrand Russell<\/a>. Foi numa destas reuni\u00f5es que Virginia conheceu Leonard, um funcion\u00e1rio do governo brit\u00e2nico a servi\u00e7o do colonialismo no Ceil\u00e3o, que veio a tornar-se seu marido e parceiro na vida. Casaram-se em 1912 e n\u00e3o tiveram filhas ou filhos. Leonard sempre lia os textos de Virginia e a acompanhava em seus interesses. Foi um grande companheiro durante os in\u00fameros per\u00edodos em que Virginia se encontrou adoentada, em meio a ataques de p\u00e2nico e crises de ansiedade.<\/p>\n

Sobre a rela\u00e7\u00e3o com a irm\u00e3 Vanessa, Virginia recorda:<\/p>\n

Exploradoras e revolucion\u00e1rias, como ambas \u00e9ramos por natureza, viv\u00edamos sob a influ\u00eancia de uma sociedade uns cinquenta anos mais velha do que n\u00f3s. Foi este fato curioso que tornou a nossa luta t\u00e3o amarga e t\u00e3o violenta. \u00c9 que a sociedade na qual viv\u00edamos era ainda a sociedade vitoriana. O meu pai era um vitoriano t\u00edpico. George e Gerald [irm\u00e3os de Virginia] eram vitorianos aquiescentes e aprobativos. Assim sendo, t\u00ednhamos duas guerras para travar, uma contra eles individualmente e a outra contra eles socialmente. N\u00f3s viv\u00edamos, digamos, em 1910; eles, em 1860 (p. 176).<\/strong><\/p>\n

No cotidiano, essas influ\u00eancias tinham um contorno particular:<\/p>\n

Das dez a uma da tarde, a sociedade vitoriana n\u00e3o exercia sobre n\u00f3s nenhuma press\u00e3o em especial. [\u2026]. Durante tr\u00eas horas, viv\u00edamos num mundo que ainda hoje habitamos, pois, neste momento (novembro de 1940), ela est\u00e1 a pintar em Charleston e eu estou a escrever aqui, no meu escrit\u00f3rio, no jardim de Monks House.\u00a0 [\u2026] A sociedade vitoriana come\u00e7ava a exercer a sua press\u00e3o por volta das quatro e meia. Em primeiro lugar, t\u00ednhamos de estar em casa; uma de n\u00f3s, sem d\u00favida, preferencialmente as duas; porque havia que servir o ch\u00e1 ao meu pai. [\u2026] era necess\u00e1rio estar presente, uma vez que o meu pai n\u00e3o iria servir o ch\u00e1 para si mesmo na sociedade daquele tempo (p. 178).<\/strong><\/p>\n

Desde muito pequena, Virginia tinha o h\u00e1bito de ler e escrever. \u201cHavia muito para aprender, livros para ler, e o sucesso e a felicidade deviam a\u00ed ser alcan\u00e7ados sem deslealdade\u201d (p. 57). E esse era um h\u00e1bito que custava muito pouco (l\u00e1pis, papel, uma mesa e um pouco de sil\u00eancio), portanto, ela nunca foi muito importunada por faz\u00ea-lo. Apesar disso, Virginia ressentiu-se durante toda a vida por n\u00e3o ter tido a oportunidade de frequentar a universidade, tal qual seus irm\u00e3os. Foi somente em 1915, aos 33 anos, que Virginia teve seu primeiro livro publicado. Mesmo tendo trabalhado como jornalista a partir de 1900, nada se comparava a colocar um livro no mundo. Por\u00e9m, as semanas que se seguiam \u00e0s publica\u00e7\u00f5es de seus escritos sempre foram um tormento para ela – provavelmente at\u00e9 o fim de sua vida.<\/p>\n

Em 1917, Virginia e Leonard abriram uma editora, a Hogarth Press. Logo transformou-se num neg\u00f3cio e passou a publicar livros do Grupo Bloomsbury, entre outros, como T. S. Eliot<\/a>.\u00a0Virginia, por sua vez, tornou-se uma das escritoras mais importantes do s\u00e9culo XX. Seu trabalho foi uma constante ruptura com a moral vitoriana na qual foi criada. Escreveu in\u00fameros romances e discutiu com muito empenho a condi\u00e7\u00e3o feminina. Falou de sexo, trabalho, dinheiro e papeis de g\u00eanero – mesmo sem usar estas palavras. A atualidade de suas reflex\u00f5es \u00e9 impressionante. E ainda hoje n\u00e3o conseguimos superar muitas das contradi\u00e7\u00f5es apontadas por Virginia.<\/p>\n

A sua morte foi, sem d\u00favida, um momento tr\u00e1gico. Era 1941 e Virginia somava ang\u00fastias e inquieta\u00e7\u00f5es. Seu \u00faltimo livro, a biografia de Roger Fry, havia sido recebido com frieza pela cr\u00edtica e sentia-se deprimida. Sob suas cabe\u00e7as, \u201ca batalha estava no auge\u201d e a guerra \u201caproximava-se de suas casas\u201d. O destino era incerto e, sobre ele, Virginia declarou: \u201cse formos derrotados – como quer que resolvamos esse problema, e uma das solu\u00e7\u00f5es \u00e9 aparentemente o suic\u00eddio (assim decidimos entre n\u00f3s h\u00e1 tr\u00eas noites, em Londres), escrever livros torna-se uma possibilidade duvidosa\u201d (p. 122).<\/p>\n

Ao decidir pelo suic\u00eddio, fez quest\u00e3o de deixar uma carta ao marido Leonard:<\/p>\n

Querido,
\nTenho certeza de que enlouquecerei novamente. Sinto que n\u00e3o podemos passar por outro daqueles tempos terr\u00edveis. E, desta vez, n\u00e3o vou me recuperar. Come\u00e7o a escutar vozes e n\u00e3o consigo me concentrar. Por isso estou fazendo o que me parece ser a melhor coisa a fazer. Voc\u00ea tem me dado a maior felicidade poss\u00edvel. Voc\u00ea tem sido, em todos os aspectos, tudo o que algu\u00e9m poderia ser. N\u00e3o acho que duas pessoas poderiam ter sido mais felizes, at\u00e9 a chegada dessa terr\u00edvel doen\u00e7a. N\u00e3o consigo mais lutar. Sei que estou estragando a sua vida, que sem mim voc\u00ea poderia trabalhar. E voc\u00ea vai, eu sei. Veja que nem sequer consigo escrever isso apropriadamente. N\u00e3o consigo ler. O que quero dizer \u00e9 que devo toda a felicidade da minha vida a voc\u00ea. Voc\u00ea tem sido inteiramente paciente comigo e incrivelmente bom. Quero dizer que – todo mundo sabe disso – se algu\u00e9m pudesse me salvar teria sido voc\u00ea. Tudo se foi para mim, menos a certeza da sua bondade. N\u00e3o posso continuar a estragar a sua vida. N\u00e3o creio que duas pessoas poderiam ter sido mais felizes do que n\u00f3s.<\/i>
\nV.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

* \u00a0As cita\u00e7\u00f5es deste texto referem-se ao livro Momentos de Vida<\/a>, uma colet\u00e2nea que re\u00fane cinco textos autobiogr\u00e1ficos de Virginia Woolf.<\/p>\n

** Este texto foi escrito a quatro m\u00e3os, por Nicole Spohr e Bianca Spohr.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Virginia nasceu em Londres em 25 de janeiro de 1882. Era o fim da era vitoriana, per\u00edodo caracterizado pelo reinado da rainha Victoria, que durou quase 64 anos \u2013 o segundo mais longo do Reino Unido – de 1837 at\u00e9 sua morte, em 1901. Foi uma \u00e9poca de grande prosperidade para a Inglaterra, gra\u00e7as \u00e0 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2613,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[206,125],"tags":[116,62,76,85,130,93,104],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2612"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2612"}],"version-history":[{"count":16,"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2612\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8124,"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2612\/revisions\/8124"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2613"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2612"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2612"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2612"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}