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{"id":2243,"date":"2017-10-02T13:47:35","date_gmt":"2017-10-02T16:47:35","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/?p=2243"},"modified":"2021-01-06T11:31:45","modified_gmt":"2021-01-06T14:31:45","slug":"o-conflito-a-mulher-e-a-mae","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/opiniao\/o-conflito-a-mulher-e-a-mae\/","title":{"rendered":"Dialogando com Badinter acerca do conflito entre ser mulher e ser m\u00e3e"},"content":{"rendered":"

Um dos mais recentes livros da fil\u00f3sofa francesa \u00c9lisabeth Badinter (1944-) traz \u00e0 tona um assunto bastante interessante que ela chama de \u201ca revolu\u00e7\u00e3o silenciosa\u201d ocorrida nos \u00faltimos trinta anos em torno da concep\u00e7\u00e3o de maternidade. A tese de O conflito: a mulher e a m\u00e3e<\/em> (2010)<\/a> pretende mostrar que as mudan\u00e7as em curso buscam, de modo simples e paradoxal, re<\/em>colocar a maternidade no cora\u00e7\u00e3o do destino feminino. E \u00c9lisabeth apresenta de modo claro e contundente a constru\u00e7\u00e3o do aparato que sustenta tal ideia. Dividido em tr\u00eas grandes partes, o livro come\u00e7a expondo as \u201cambival\u00eancias da maternidade\u201d, depois desenvolve a chamada \u201cofensiva naturalista\u201d para ent\u00e3o situar na atualidade a \u201cdiversidade das aspira\u00e7\u00f5es femininas\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u00c9lisabeth come\u00e7a por mostrar que a partir dos anos setenta, com o advento dos contraceptivos, ter uma crian\u00e7a deixa de ser uma consequ\u00eancia natural do casamento para ser uma escolha, colocando em cheque a antiga certeza em torno da ideia de \u201cinstinto materno\u201d e dando lugar ao entendimento de que o desejo de ser m\u00e3e n\u00e3o \u00e9 nem constante nem universal<\/strong>. Para a maioria das mulheres, contudo, ter ou n\u00e3o ter filhos permanece um dilema justamente em fun\u00e7\u00e3o da dificuldade de se conciliar os deveres maternos com a busca de realiza\u00e7\u00e3o pessoal. Apesar das mulheres terem iniciado um processo de conquistas por mais igualdade de direitos tanto nas esferas p\u00fablica quanto privada, h\u00e1 mais de um s\u00e9culo a sociologia documenta que o casamento beneficia amplamente os homens em detrimento das mulheres. \u00c9 sabido que o custo da vida conjugal recai amplamente sobre as mulheres que se veem sobrecarregadas em rela\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 divis\u00e3o de tarefas e a cria\u00e7\u00e3o e educa\u00e7\u00e3o dos filhos, ao mesmo tempo em que amargam preju\u00edzos em rela\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 carreira profissional e \u00e0 remunera\u00e7\u00e3o. Em geral, a chegada do filho reconduz a mulher de volta ao lar e empurra o homem para fora permitindo que ele retome suas atividades profissionais rapidamente. Al\u00e9m disso, \u00e9 muito comum uma forte idealiza\u00e7\u00e3o da maternidade, que faz com que as futuras m\u00e3es vejam apenas amor e felicidade quando na verdade a tarefa abarca consider\u00e1vel n\u00edvel de fadiga, frustra\u00e7\u00e3o, solid\u00e3o e culpa.<\/p>\n

O p\u00f3s-guerra foi um per\u00edodo, segundo a autora, especialmente prof\u00edcuo para as mulheres recolocarem em pauta seu status, sua identidade<\/strong> e sua rela\u00e7\u00e3o com os homens. Por volta dos anos setenta, a crise econ\u00f4mica retoma os questionamentos em torno do mundo do trabalho, uma vez que muitos perdem seus empregos ou os mant\u00e9m em condi\u00e7\u00f5es prec\u00e1rias, sobretudo as mulheres que n\u00e3o se beneficiam nem do status social e tampouco alcan\u00e7am a independ\u00eancia financeira. Muitas voltam ent\u00e3o a se ocupar do lar e dos filhos. A esse contexto de crise material, cola-se a velha ideologia do naturalismo<\/em> que reapresenta as leis da natureza e da biologia ao falar de \u201cess\u00eancia\u201d e de \u201cinstinto\u201d, propondo um retorno ao modelo tradicional da maternidade e do papel das mulheres. Emergem, na verdade, tr\u00eas discursos de diferentes horizontes a criticar os impasses do modelo cultural dominante: a ecologia, as ci\u00eancias do comportamento e um novo feminismo essencialista. Tais discursos se aliam proclamando um \u201cretorno \u00e0 natureza\u201d, pois enquanto mam\u00edferas e sob a jurisdi\u00e7\u00e3o de um intenso processo neuro-biol\u00f3gico-qu\u00edmico, as m\u00e3es nutririam um v\u00ednculo autom\u00e1tico com seu beb\u00ea e os casos omissos ficariam por conta de patologias. Conjuntamente, outras teorias v\u00eam refor\u00e7ar tais no\u00e7\u00f5es, como aquela do contato \u201cpele a pele\u201d impreter\u00edvel na primeira hora de vida como garantia do estabelecimento do v\u00ednculo entre m\u00e3e e beb\u00ea; aquela que preconiza que o amor materno tem uma base biol\u00f3gica incontorn\u00e1vel e obviamente o aleitamento materno seria a condi\u00e7\u00e3o sine qua non <\/em>para a constru\u00e7\u00e3o dessa suposta liga\u00e7\u00e3o natural entre a m\u00e3e e seu beb\u00ea; uma nova gera\u00e7\u00e3o de feministas que afirma a maternidade como \u201ca experi\u00eancia crucial\u201d da mulher, uma vez que seria esse processo que nos diferencia dos homens e consequentemente nos faz mais capazes de construir um mundo melhor e mais justo. Vemos surgir, ent\u00e3o, de modo paradoxal, um modelo de parentalidade bastante tradicional: a amamenta\u00e7\u00e3o exclusiva e prolongada contribui para colocar o pai para fora da d\u00edade e exige da m\u00e3e uma disponibilidade absoluta. Tal afastamento do pai ironicamente revigora o modelo do casal patriarcal, onde o beb\u00ea \u00e9 assunto da m\u00e3e enquanto o pai retoma serenamente suas atividades de antes. Al\u00e9m disso, o beb\u00ea deve ser colocado antes da m\u00e3e e antes do casal, relegando as necessidades e interesses da mulher ao segundo plano, uma vez que ela deve ceder todo seu tempo, sua energia e seu corpo pelo m\u00e1ximo de tempo poss\u00edvel ao rec\u00e9m-chegado.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Curiosamente, tais teorias negligenciam o fato elementar de que os seres humanos n\u00e3o possuem comportamento autom\u00e1tico, ao contr\u00e1rio, agem ancorados na cultura e na racionalidade, e, portanto, n\u00e3o se reduzem \u00e0 biologia. As quest\u00f5es poss\u00edveis de serem colocadas s\u00e3o in\u00fameras. E certamente os milhares de m\u00e3es que jamais amamentaram est\u00e3o a\u00ed para reivindicar a fal\u00eancia da ideia de instinto e a for\u00e7a da constru\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong> do v\u00ednculo entre o beb\u00ea e seus cuidadores. Apesar disso, o argumento da \u201cnatureza\u201d se presta a impor leis e fundamentar conselhos, tornando-se uma refer\u00eancia \u00e9tica dificilmente critic\u00e1vel. E o pano de fundo perverso dessa filosofia naturalista \u00e9, sem d\u00favida, a culpabiliza\u00e7\u00e3o, que acaba por instituir um modo \u00fanico de viver a maternidade.<\/p>\n

Todas as culturas s\u00e3o dominadas por um modelo materno ideal<\/strong> que varia conforme a \u00e9poca, mas que pesa sobre todas as mulheres. \u00c9 poss\u00edvel aceit\u00e1-lo ou rejeit\u00e1-lo ou negoci\u00e1-lo, mas \u00e9 sempre em rela\u00e7\u00e3o a ele que nos definimos, afirma \u00c9lisabeth. E hoje em dia o modelo \u00e9 mais exigente do nunca. As mulheres encontram-se ent\u00e3o em meio a um sem n\u00famero de contradi\u00e7\u00f5es. Algumas mulheres realizam-se plenamente sendo m\u00e3es e \u00e9 para o caso delas que se costuma falar de \u201cinstinto\u201d ou de \u201cvoca\u00e7\u00e3o materna\u201d. O filho \u00e9 para elas a \u201cobra de sua vida\u201d e elas se dedicam integralmente. Tais mulheres existem, mas est\u00e3o longe de ser a maioria. E muitas das mulheres que se prop\u00f5em a esta empreitada, acabam descobrindo que se enganaram, que precisam cultivar outros perfis. Mas \u00e9 imposs\u00edvel saber antes de tentar e certamente n\u00e3o \u00e9 tarefa f\u00e1cil assumir o erro e partir para outra. Na outra ponta, um n\u00famero crescente de mulheres que abre m\u00e3o de ter filhos. A seus olhos, a maternidade est\u00e1 associada a fardos e perdas: menos liberdade, menos energia, menos dinheiro, menos espa\u00e7o para o prazer e a intimidade e tamb\u00e9m para a sua identidade. Estas mulheres costumam abortar e s\u00e3o chamadas childfree<\/em>. Muitas adiam a decis\u00e3o para mais tarde, uma vez que buscam realizar, primeiro, certas prioridades. Indefinidamente adiada, apenas perturbada pelo rel\u00f3gio biol\u00f3gico da mulher, a decis\u00e3o acaba sendo tomada pelo tempo ou em fun\u00e7\u00e3o do conforto do casal que costuma levar uma vida bastante satisfat\u00f3ria. Existem ainda aquelas que querem ser m\u00e3es, mas desejam claramente preservar seu espa\u00e7o enquanto mulher, seja na profiss\u00e3o, seja na sexualidade. De um lado, a forte exig\u00eancia do modelo materno vigente e, de outro, as grandes obriga\u00e7\u00f5es impostas pelo mundo do trabalho. Como ent\u00e3o responder a um sem sacrificar o outro? Em geral elas n\u00e3o pretendem negociar a sua identidade profissional, pois n\u00e3o se veem como m\u00e3es em tempo integral. Assim, elas procuram negociar de todos os lados, embora o equil\u00edbrio entre os pap\u00e9is permane\u00e7a sempre inst\u00e1vel.<\/p>\n

A decis\u00e3o de ter filhos ou n\u00e3o revela aquilo que \u00e9 privado e \u00edntimo. Nos \u00faltimos anos as taxas de mulheres sem filhos<\/strong> na Europa variaram entre 10 e 26% e em outros pa\u00edses a tend\u00eancia \u00e9 bastante semelhante, sobretudo no que tange ao crescimento desses n\u00fameros. Atualmente as mulheres controlam sua reprodu\u00e7\u00e3o, estudam, invadem o mercado de trabalho e buscam independ\u00eancia financeira ou fazer carreira, deixando a maternidade mais como uma quest\u00e3o do que como uma evidencia natural. Mesmo se a recusa de ter filhos \u00e9 minorit\u00e1ria, a verdadeira revolu\u00e7\u00e3o est\u00e1 aqui, pois tal ideia apela a uma redefini\u00e7\u00e3o da identidade feminina. Nos pa\u00edses com menores taxas de fecundidade, coexistem dois fatores: a for\u00e7a social do modelo da \u201cboa m\u00e3e\u201d e a aus\u00eancia de pol\u00edticas familiares que auxiliem efetivamente as mulheres. E na Europa, constata-se que nos pa\u00edses onde as mulheres participam mais do mercado de trabalho, elas tamb\u00e9m tem mais filhos, ou seja, as taxas de fertilidade s\u00e3o maiores.<\/p>\n

Ao acessar os testemunhos das mulheres que n\u00e3o tem filhos surpreende o quanto elas parecem aderir ao modelo da \u201cboa m\u00e3e\u201d, que, aos seus olhos, torna imposs\u00edvel conciliar filhos e profiss\u00e3o<\/strong>. Diante desta incompatibilidade, n\u00e3o surpreende que tantas mulheres abdiquem dos filhos. Estudos mostram que as mulheres sem filhos se implicam fortemente na sua vida profissional e as mais diplomadas geralmente possuem melhores perspectivas econ\u00f4micas e mais ocasi\u00f5es alternativas de valoriza\u00e7\u00e3o de si. Assim, esta liga\u00e7\u00e3o entre o n\u00edvel de instru\u00e7\u00e3o e a fertilidade \u00e9 observ\u00e1vel em quase todos os lugares. Pesquisas recentes t\u00eam mostrado tamb\u00e9m que os filhos interferem constantemente no di\u00e1logo parental e podem se tornar uma barreira consider\u00e1vel para o casal. Aqueles sem filhos costumam sublinhar in\u00fameras vantagens e enxergam os filhos, de fato, como uma amea\u00e7a \u00e0 harmonia conjugal.<\/p>\n

Apesar disso, ainda hoje \u00e9 forte a tend\u00eancia de se considerar a infertilidade um fracasso da feminilidade<\/strong>. A sociedade considera suspeita uma mulher casada que escolhe n\u00e3o ter filhos, uma vez que haveria um tempo em que seria necess\u00e1rio se abrir para a parentalidade. E apesar de tal mulher sofrer press\u00f5es de todos os lados, muitos ind\u00edcios mostram que o estilo de vida dos casais sem filhos \u00e9 secretamente invejado. A quest\u00e3o est\u00e1, na verdade, na dificuldade de se reconhecer honestamente que muitas vezes os filhos implicam mais sacrif\u00edcios do que benef\u00edcios, aspecto este inadmiss\u00edvel, e logo, indiz\u00edvel perante uma sociedade que est\u00e1 longe de aceitar que al\u00e9m dos pais felizes existem tamb\u00e9m aqueles frustrados e amargos que talvez nem devessem ter tido filhos. A quest\u00e3o que fica \u00e9 se os custos e benef\u00edcios da parentalidade podem suplantar o gosto da aventura e da experi\u00eancia parental. A influencia de politicas familiares mais favor\u00e1veis \u00e0 igualdade dos sexos e a evolu\u00e7\u00e3o na dire\u00e7\u00e3o de um modelo materno menos exigente parece contribuir para uma melhora das taxas de fertilidade. E mesmo que a quantidade de mulheres sem filhos permane\u00e7a est\u00e1vel, \u00e9 certa a necessidade de se romper com a defini\u00e7\u00e3o tradicional de feminilidade, uma vez que para um n\u00famero significativo de mulheres a maternidade n\u00e3o \u00e9 mais o principal. E mais: estas mulheres sem filhos provam que n\u00e3o existem caracter\u00edsticas absolutas ou essenciais femininas que as distinguem dos homens.<\/p>\n

Sabe-se que a reputa\u00e7\u00e3o das m\u00e3es francesas<\/strong> n\u00e3o \u00e9 das melhores, uma vez que s\u00e3o conhecidas por promoverem a separa\u00e7\u00e3o de corpo precoce com seu beb\u00ea e s\u00e3o muito pouco entusiasmadas com a ideia de ficar em casa amamentando. Elas confiam seus beb\u00eas a estranhos e usam massivamente a mamadeira. Elas est\u00e3o tamb\u00e9m entre as mulheres que mais trabalham e mais cedo retornam ao trabalho, numa jornada de tempo integral, depois do nascimento do primeiro filho. Vale ressaltar ainda que a politica familiar francesa poderia ser melhor. Mas, paradoxalmente, a taxa de natalidade francesa \u00e9 uma das mais altas da Europa. \u00c9lisabeth mostra que esta ideologia que coloca a mulher antes da m\u00e3e \u00e9 uma tradi\u00e7\u00e3o ancestral na sociedade francesa. E no come\u00e7o do s\u00e9culo XXI, a maioria delas permanece ligada a um triplo papel: conjugal, maternal e profissional. E o que parece beneficiar largamente a mulher francesa, contrariamente \u00e0 maioria das europeias, \u00e9 justamente o verdadeiro reconhecimento da sua identidade feminina por si mesma. Assim, quase nenhuma press\u00e3o social ou moral recai sobre a m\u00e3e que d\u00e1 a mamadeira e coloca seu filho na creche antes de um ano. E a sociedade francesa admite h\u00e1 tempos que a m\u00e3e n\u00e3o \u00e9 a \u00fanica respons\u00e1vel pela crian\u00e7a. Ao contr\u00e1rio, quando mais se alivia o peso das responsabilidades maternas<\/strong> e mais se respeitam as escolhas da mulher e da m\u00e3e, mais elas se inclinam a ter outros filhos. O retorno do naturalismo que evoca o desgastado instinto materno e valoriza o sacrif\u00edcio feminino, insistindo na culpabiliza\u00e7\u00e3o das m\u00e3es, parece ent\u00e3o constituir um dos piores inimigos para a emancipa\u00e7\u00e3o das mulheres e a igualdade dos sexos e, ironicamente, \u00e0 fertilidade.<\/p>\n

Sobre a autora | Elisabeth Badinter \u00e9 fil\u00f3sofa, escritora e historiadora. \u00c9 atualmente uma das vozes mais importantes do movimento feminista franc\u00eas e j\u00e1 foi traduzida em mais de vinte pa\u00edses.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Um dos mais recentes livros da fil\u00f3sofa francesa \u00c9lisabeth Badinter (1944-) traz \u00e0 tona um assunto bastante interessante que ela chama de \u201ca revolu\u00e7\u00e3o silenciosa\u201d ocorrida nos \u00faltimos trinta anos em torno da concep\u00e7\u00e3o de maternidade. A tese de O conflito: a mulher e a m\u00e3e (2010) pretende mostrar que as mudan\u00e7as em curso buscam, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2247,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[207,125],"tags":[138,137,62,86,76,34,85,130],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2243"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2243"}],"version-history":[{"count":25,"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2243\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8134,"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2243\/revisions\/8134"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2247"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2243"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2243"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2243"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}