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{"id":13651,"date":"2021-10-25T08:00:00","date_gmt":"2021-10-25T11:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/?p=13651"},"modified":"2021-10-18T14:15:38","modified_gmt":"2021-10-18T17:15:38","slug":"caca-as-bruxas-e-as-bruxas-de-hoje-parte-ii","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/feminismo\/caca-as-bruxas-e-as-bruxas-de-hoje-parte-ii\/","title":{"rendered":"Ca\u00e7a \u00e0s bruxas e as bruxas de hoje – parte II"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

No primeiro texto (leia qui<\/a>), falamos sobre as condi\u00e7\u00f5es sociais, econ\u00f4micas, religiosas e pol\u00edticas que possibilitaram que o genoc\u00eddio contra as mulheres comumente conhecido como ca\u00e7a \u00e0s bruxas fosse poss\u00edvel. Um ponto que vale a pena ser dito \u00e9 que por muito tempo ningu\u00e9m deu muita bola para isso. Ah, \u00e9 s\u00f3 um monte de mulheres barraqueiras e indesej\u00e1veis sendo queimadas em fogueiras ao redor do mundo, pra que se incomodar? Foi o movimento feminista que nas \u00faltimas d\u00e9cadas passou a questionar o que se sabia at\u00e9 ent\u00e3o sobre essa parte da hist\u00f3ria, muito porque as feministas se identificavam com as tais bruxas queimadas. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elas “reconheceram rapidamente que centenas de milhares de mulheres n\u00e3o poderiam ter sido massacradas e submetidas \u00e0s torturas mais cru\u00e9is se n\u00e3o tivessem proposto um desafio \u00e0 estrutura de poder. Tamb\u00e9m se deram conta de que essa guerra contra as mulheres, que se manteve durante um per\u00edodo de pelo menos dois s\u00e9culos, constituiu um ponto decisivo na hist\u00f3ria das mulheres da Europa, [\u2026] como um fen\u00f4meno ao qual devemos retornar de forma reiterada se quisermos compreender a misoginia que ainda caracteriza a pr\u00e1tica institucional e as rela\u00e7\u00f5es entre homens e mulheres” (FEDERICI, 2019, p. 292). <\/p>\n\n\n

Em outras palavras, “como dar conta do fato de que, durante mais de dois s\u00e9culos, em distintos pa\u00edses europeus, centenas de milhares de mulheres tenham sido julgadas, torturadas, queimadas vivas ou enforcadas, acusadas de terem vendido seu corpo e sua alma ao dem\u00f4nio e, por meios m\u00e1gicos, assassinado in\u00fameras crian\u00e7as, sugado seu sangue, fabricado po\u00e7\u00f5es com sua carne, causado a morte de seus vizinhos,\u00a0destru\u00eddo gado e cultivos, provocado tempestades e realizado muitas outras abomina\u00e7\u00f5es? (FEDERICI, 2019, p. 304).<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n

Na metade do s\u00e9culo XV, mais ou menos no fim da Idade M\u00e9dia e in\u00edcio daquilo que conhecemos como Idade Moderna, quando estavam em curso diversas revoltas populares e epidemias \u00e9 que ocorreram os primeiros julgamentos de bruxas. A \u00e9poca coincide com o desenvolvimento da doutrina da bruxaria, quando a feiti\u00e7aria passou a ser considerada uma “forma de heresia e [um] crime m\u00e1ximo contra Deus, contra a Natureza e contra o Estado” (FEDERICI, 2019, p. 296).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As bruxas eram aquelas mulheres que se opunham aos cercamentos dos campos de que falamos no primeiro texto, \u00e0 difus\u00e3o do sistema capitalista e que tinham poder sobre o pr\u00f3prio corpo, sua reprodu\u00e7\u00e3o e capacidade de curar a si e aos outros. A ca\u00e7a \u00e0s bruxas foi um ataque \u00e0 resist\u00eancia que elas ofereciam a essa nova sociedade que se formava, bem como um instrumento de uma nova ordem patriarcal, muito mais repressora do que provavelmente qualquer outro momento da hist\u00f3ria. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

As acusa\u00e7\u00f5es tratavam de acontecimentos de d\u00e9cadas antes, n\u00e3o requeriam nenhum tipo de comprova\u00e7\u00e3o e m\u00e1 reputa\u00e7\u00e3o j\u00e1 significava culpa. A maioria das acusadas eram mulheres pobres e a maioria dos acusadores eram homens de classes superiores, \u00e0s vezes seus senhores ou empregadores, muitas vezes ligados ao poder local. <\/p>\n\n\n

Nas palavras de Federici (2019, p. 314) “embora a ca\u00e7a \u00e0s bruxas estivesse dirigida a uma ampla variedade de pr\u00e1ticas femininas, foi principalmente devido a essas capacidades – como feiticeiras, curandeiras, encantadoras ou adivinhas – que as mulheres foram perseguidas, pois, ao recorrerem ao poder da magia, debilitavam o poder das autoridades e do Estado”. <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n

As mulheres da \u00e9poca tamb\u00e9m planejavam e dirigiam revoltas sociais, j\u00e1 que muitos homens foram massacrados ou encarcerados pelo Estado por conta disso. Uma das acusa\u00e7\u00f5es mais famosas \u00e0s bruxas era que elas frequentavam os sab\u00e1s ou reuni\u00f5es noturnas. “A revolta de classe, somada \u00e0 transgress\u00e3o sexual, era um elemento central nas descri\u00e7\u00f5es do sab\u00e1, retratado como uma monstruosa orgia sexual e como uma reuni\u00e3o pol\u00edtica subversiva, que culminava com a descri\u00e7\u00e3o dos crimes que os participantes haviam cometido e com o diabo dando instru\u00e7\u00f5es \u00e0s bruxas para se rebelarem contra seus senhores” (FEDERICI, 2019, p. 318).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A persegui\u00e7\u00e3o das bruxas tinha semelhan\u00e7a com a dos hereges, por\u00e9m a bruxaria era considerada um crime essencialmente feminino. E somente nas acusa\u00e7\u00f5es de bruxaria \u00e9 que constavam frequentemente a pervers\u00e3o sexual e infantic\u00eddio, acompanhadas pela condena\u00e7\u00e3o de pr\u00e1ticas contraceptivas. <\/p>\n\n\n

Para Federici (2019, p. 326) “parece plaus\u00edvel que a ca\u00e7a \u00e0s bruxas tenha sido, pelo menos em parte, uma tentativa de criminalizar o controle de natalidade e de colocar o corpo feminino – o \u00fatero – a servi\u00e7o do aumento da popula\u00e7\u00e3o e da acumula\u00e7\u00e3o da for\u00e7a de trabalho. Essa \u00e9 uma hip\u00f3tese; o que podemos afirmar com certeza \u00e9 que a ca\u00e7a \u00e0s bruxas foi promovida por uma classe pol\u00edtica que estava preocupada com a diminui\u00e7\u00e3o da popula\u00e7\u00e3o, e motivada pela convic\u00e7\u00e3o de que uma popula\u00e7\u00e3o numerosa constitui a riqueza de uma na\u00e7\u00e3o”.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n

Os m\u00e9todos que as mulheres utilizavam para controlar a concep\u00e7\u00e3o foram considerados diab\u00f3licos. As bruxas eram, portanto, as mulheres que evitavam a maternidade, as parteiras, as curandeiras, as mendigas que maldiziam o vizinho que n\u00e3o as ajudava, as prostitutas, as ad\u00falteras, as mulheres que vivenciavam sua sexualidade fora do casamento ou da procria\u00e7\u00e3o. Eram as mulheres vigorosas e agressivas como os homens, que vestiam cal\u00e7as e lutavam pelo que queriam, que viviam uma vida sob seus termos. Pensa na mulher selvagem que tanto debatemos hoje em dia? Ela seria a pr\u00f3pria bruxa queimada na fogueira 350 anos atr\u00e1s. As execu\u00e7\u00f5es das bruxas eram eventos p\u00fablicos que todos deviam presenciar, especialmente as filhas das mulheres condenadas.<\/p>\n\n\n

De acordo com Federici (2019, p. 334) “a ca\u00e7a \u00e0s bruxas foi [\u2026] uma guerra contra as mulheres; foi uma tentativa coordenada de degrad\u00e1-las, de demoniz\u00e1-las e de destruir seu poder social. Ao mesmo tempo, foi precisamente nas c\u00e2maras de tortura e nas fogueiras onde se formaram os ideais burgueses de feminilidade e domesticidade”.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n

O \u00e1pice dessa nova ordem social foi o ideal de maternidade do in\u00edcio do s\u00e9culo XX, ao qual estamos t\u00e3o familiarizadas nos dias de hoje. Como assim voc\u00ea n\u00e3o ama ser m\u00e3e dessas coisinhas fofas? Como assim voc\u00ea quer dividir as tarefas? Como assim voc\u00ea quer ser reconhecida ou remunerada pelo trabalho que voc\u00ea faz dentro de casa, todos os dias, sem f\u00e9rias e sem hora pra acabar?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Outro grande problema dessa hist\u00f3ria toda \u00e9 que os s\u00e9culos de terror plantaram nos homens as sementes de uma profunda aliena\u00e7\u00e3o psicol\u00f3gica com rela\u00e7\u00e3o a n\u00f3s mulheres. Uma mulher sexualmente ativa era um perigo para a sociedade, j\u00e1 que se acreditava que ela minava nos homens seu senso de responsabilidade, sua capacidade de autocontrole e de trabalho – algo cada vez mais valorizado. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

“A ca\u00e7a \u00e0s bruxas n\u00e3o s\u00f3 condenou a sexualidade feminina como fonte de todo o mal, mas tamb\u00e9m representou o principal ve\u00edculo para levar a cabo uma ampla reestrutura\u00e7\u00e3o da vida sexual, que, ajustada \u00e0 nova disciplina capitalista do trabalho, criminalizava qualquer atividade sexual que amea\u00e7asse a procria\u00e7\u00e3o”(FEDERICI, 2019, p. 349). A homossexualidade \u00e9 um exemplo disso. Amplamente aceita na Europa, durante a persegui\u00e7\u00e3o das bruxas, tornou-se tabu, assim como o sexo entre pessoas jovens e velhas, a sodomia e qualquer forma de sexualidade que n\u00e3o visasse \u00e0 procria\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Se, durante a Idade M\u00e9dia, a bruxa era considerada uma figura positiva, que estava a servi\u00e7o da comunidade, com a ca\u00e7a \u00e0s bruxas esta passou a ser rejeitada e demonizada. O quanto tudo isso diz sobre a situa\u00e7\u00e3o das mulheres atualmente? Infelizmente, muito.<\/p>\n\n\n

Atualmente a guerra contra as mulheres tomou outras formas, como a viol\u00eancia psicol\u00f3gica, patrimonial, f\u00edsica, social e sexual a que assistimos todos os dias. Os ideias de beleza, domesticidade e maternidade ainda nos oprimem e nossos corpos continuam sendo instrumentos para colocar novos beb\u00eas no mundo. <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n

E ai de quem fugir da maternidade! Vai ter que responder a um milh\u00e3o de perguntas sobre o porqu\u00ea da decis\u00e3o. Mulheres ainda ganham menos do que os homens, ocupam profiss\u00f5es ligadas ao cuidado e participam pouco das decis\u00f5es que definem os rumos do mundo. Mulheres negras ganham menos, s\u00e3o marginalizadas e sofrem ainda mais viol\u00eancias do que mulheres brancas e estamos longe de construir um movimento global de mulheres.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mas h\u00e1 luz no fim do t\u00fanel. A come\u00e7ar pelo resgate das pesquisas sobre a hist\u00f3ria das mulheres, como esse livro riqu\u00edssimo de Silvia Federici. Estamos despertando. <\/p>\n\n\n

N\u00f3s mulheres estamos reaprendendo a confiar umas nas outras e a compreender a pot\u00eancia da nossa uni\u00e3o. Assistimos a um renascimento da profiss\u00e3o de parteiras e mulheres est\u00e3o tomando as r\u00e9deas de seus partos. Mais e mais mulheres est\u00e3o fazendo valer suas vontades, saindo de relacionamentos abusivos e vivenciando sua sexualidade como bem entendem.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n

Estamos reaprendendo a usar as ervas para nossa cura, a nos conectarmos com a for\u00e7a da natureza para ficarmos em paz e dali tirar for\u00e7as para mudar o mundo. Estamos criando as crian\u00e7as de um jeito diferente. Olhamos para elas, arranjamos tempo para ouvir o que elas t\u00eam a dizer. Estamos lembrando de honrar essas muitas mulheres que morreram por seus ideias e por um sistema mega injusto. H\u00e1 muito o que fazer, frida. Para vivermos em um mundo seguro para as mulheres e verdadeiramente igualit\u00e1rio, \u00e9 preciso arrega\u00e7ar as mangas. Mas antes disso, precisamos (re)conhecer nossa hist\u00f3ria e por que chegamos aonde chegamos. S\u00f3 assim teremos a chance de criar um futuro diferente. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Se quiser conversar comigo sobre esse livro t\u00e3o maravilhoso, vem pra live no dia 28 de outubro \u00e0s 20h no Instagram do @fala.frida<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

No primeiro texto (leia qui), falamos sobre as condi\u00e7\u00f5es sociais, econ\u00f4micas, religiosas e pol\u00edticas que possibilitaram que o genoc\u00eddio contra as mulheres comumente conhecido como ca\u00e7a \u00e0s bruxas fosse poss\u00edvel. Um ponto que vale a pena ser dito \u00e9 que por muito tempo ningu\u00e9m deu muita bola para isso. Ah, \u00e9 s\u00f3 um monte de […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":13686,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[206],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13651"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13651"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13651\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13693,"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13651\/revisions\/13693"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/13686"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13651"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13651"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13651"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}