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{"id":13647,"date":"2021-10-18T09:00:00","date_gmt":"2021-10-18T12:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/?p=13647"},"modified":"2021-10-25T11:32:04","modified_gmt":"2021-10-25T14:32:04","slug":"caca-as-bruxas-e-as-bruxas-de-hoje-parte-i","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/feminismo\/caca-as-bruxas-e-as-bruxas-de-hoje-parte-i\/","title":{"rendered":"Ca\u00e7a \u00e0s bruxas e as bruxas de hoje – parte I"},"content":{"rendered":"\nPor conta de um projeto muito especial que vou revelar em breve, decidi reler o livro Calib\u00e3 e a bruxa: mulheres, corpo e acumula\u00e7\u00e3o primitiva, de Silvia Federici.<\/strong> O livro foi publicado em 2019, mas \u00e9 o resultado de praticamente 30 anos de pesquisas da fil\u00f3sofa italiana que h\u00e1 muito tempo vem atuando em diversos pa\u00edses do mundo como feminista anticapitalista. Sim, nesse texto vamos falar desse assunto t\u00e3o proibido que \u00e9 o capitalismo. Silvia \u00e9 uma ferrenha defensora do pagamento de sal\u00e1rio para as mulheres em troca do trabalho dom\u00e9stico. Mas por que esse livro \u00e9 t\u00e3o impactante e importante para o movimento das mulheres?<\/p>\n\n\n\nEm primeiro lugar, porque ele joga luz sobre o fen\u00f4meno hist\u00f3rico da ca\u00e7a \u00e0s bruxas, que at\u00e9 ent\u00e3o tinha recebido muito pouca aten\u00e7\u00e3o dos historiadores – que s\u00e3o, em sua maioria, homens. Uma poss\u00edvel explica\u00e7\u00e3o, segundo a autora, \u00e9 que a maior parte das condenadas por bruxaria eram camponesas, ou seja, mulheres pobres que n\u00e3o “importavam” muito nem naquela \u00e9poca nem nos dias de hoje.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
E falar de campesinato j\u00e1 \u00e9 uma boa chave para compreender o que Silvia tem para oferecer. Ela desenvolveu, a partir de muito estudo, uma tese totalmente nova sobre a ca\u00e7a \u00e0s bruxas, que ela define como uma guerra contra as mulheres. E um dos pontos mais surpreendentes \u00e9 que o exterm\u00ednio de milhares de mulheres coincide com a coloniza\u00e7\u00e3o das Am\u00e9ricas, com o cercamento de terras na Europa e com a transi\u00e7\u00e3o do feudalismo para o capitalismo, pontos provavelmente nunca antes conectados. Explico. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
Com a queda do Imp\u00e9rio Romano por volta do s\u00e9culo V, se desenvolveu na Europa um sistema de servid\u00e3o, com mais liberdade para os escravos de ent\u00e3o possu\u00edrem peda\u00e7os de terra. <\/p>\n\n\n
A partir de ent\u00e3o, “as mulheres trabalhavam nos campos, al\u00e9m de criar os filhos, cozinhar, lavar, fiar e manter a horta; suas atividades dom\u00e9sticas n\u00e3o eram desvalorizadas e n\u00e3o supunham rela\u00e7\u00f5es sociais diferentes das dos homens” (FEDERICI, 2019, p. 64). Elas podiam exercer v\u00e1rias profiss\u00f5es, como ferreiras, a\u00e7ougueiros, padeiras, caneleiras, chapeleiras, cervejeiras e comerciantes. No s\u00e9culo XIV, elas podiam ser professoras, m\u00e9dicas, cirurgi\u00e3s e inclusive competiam com homens nas universidades que come\u00e7avam a surgir. <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\nDurante a Baixa Idade M\u00e9dia (s\u00e9culos X-XV), ganharam for\u00e7a os movimentos her\u00e9ticos, como reflexo da insatisfa\u00e7\u00e3o de muitos grupos com os dogmas da Igreja Cat\u00f3lica. Os hereges argumentavam, entre outras coisas, que “Cristo n\u00e3o possu\u00eda propriedades e que, se a Igreja queria recuperar seu poder espiritual, deveria desprender-se de todas as suas posses (FEDERICI, 2019, p. 72). J\u00e1 a igreja acusava de herege qualquer um que discordasse dela ou demonstrasse insubordina\u00e7\u00e3o social ou pol\u00edtica. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
Para a hist\u00f3ria das mulheres, o importante \u00e9 que elas possu\u00edam uma elevada posi\u00e7\u00e3o social dentro do movimento her\u00e9tico; eram consideradas iguais aos homens. Tinham os mesmos direitos que eles e desfrutavam de ampla mobilidade e vida social. <\/p>\n\n\n
Talvez por isso, o clero acabou por expulsar as mulheres das liturgias e sacramentos da igreja e passou a fazer da sexualidade um objeto de vergonha. O desejo sexual que as mulheres despertavam nos homens era poderoso e, portanto, deveria ser exorcizado. Os padres eram aconselhados a evitar mulheres e o sexo.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\nAl\u00e9m disso, \u00e9 preciso considerar que o sistema feudal estava em crise e em toda a Europa, “vastos movimentos sociais comunalistas e rebeli\u00f5es contra o feudalismo haviam oferecido a promessa de uma nova sociedade constru\u00edda sobre as bases da igualdade e da coopera\u00e7\u00e3o” (FEDERICI, 2019, p. 114). O sistema capitalista foi aos poucos tomando o lugar do feudalismo e uma de suas bases foi o processo de cercamento de terras, que pode ser compreendido como a privatiza\u00e7\u00e3o da terra por parte principalmente de lordes ingleses e ricos fazendeiros para expandir suas propriedades e eliminar o uso comum da terra. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
As mulheres foram muito afetadas pelos cercamentos, j\u00e1 que a “fun\u00e7\u00e3o social das terras comunais era especialmente importante para [elas], que, tendo menos direitos sobre a terra e menos poder social, eram mais dependentes das terras comunais para a subsist\u00eancia, a autonomia e a sociabilidade (FEDERICI, 2019, p. 138). Lindas festas de origem pag\u00e3 como o benzimento dos campos durante a Primavera passaram a ser proibidas, assim como as dan\u00e7as e outros rituais de sociabilidade foram aniquilados. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
O modelo antigo de economia de subsist\u00eancia foi sendo gradualmente substitu\u00eddo por um regime monet\u00e1rio, em que “somente a produ\u00e7\u00e3o para o mercado estava definida como atividade criadora de valor, enquanto a reprodu\u00e7\u00e3o do trabalhador come\u00e7ou a ser considerada como algo sem valor do ponto de vista econ\u00f4mico e, inclusive, deixou de ser considerada um trabalho” (FEDERICI, 2019, p. 145). O problema, frida, \u00e9 que quem fazia e faz esse trabalho reprodutor a\u00ed somos n\u00f3s mulheres. Tudo come\u00e7ou a subir de pre\u00e7o, a classe trabalhadora empobreceu a valer e alguns poucos empres\u00e1rios acumularam fortunas (qualquer semelhan\u00e7a com o capitalismo atual n\u00e3o \u00e9 mera coincid\u00eancia). A dieta da galera nessa \u00e9poca era p\u00e3o – a principal despesa de seu or\u00e7amento – e s\u00f3. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
Somado a isso, nos s\u00e9culos XVI e XVII, a Europa estava vivendo uma grande crise populacional, causada por pragas que arrasavam cidades inteiras e grandes fomes. A Alemanha, por exemplo, perdeu um ter\u00e7o de seus habitantes no in\u00edcio dos anos 1600. Nesta \u00e9poca, a coloniza\u00e7\u00e3o do chamado Novo Mundo j\u00e1 estava de vento em popa e a chegada dos europeus ao continente americano causou a morte de aproximadamente 95% da popula\u00e7\u00e3o nativa ou cerca 75 milh\u00f5es de pessoas. S\u00f3 no Brasil, estima-se que 16 milh\u00f5es de ind\u00edgenas morreram. Tava faltando gente.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
O crescimento populacional passou a ser assunto de Estado e a cren\u00e7a de que uma grande popula\u00e7\u00e3o era sin\u00f4nimo de riqueza passou a imperar. Contagens demogr\u00e1ficas come\u00e7aram a acontecer e se estamos falando de mais beb\u00eas, estamos falando de mulheres. Foi a\u00ed que nos ferramos pra valer. A ideia de “fam\u00edlia” como institui\u00e7\u00e3o chave para esse novo projeto de na\u00e7\u00e3o come\u00e7ou a fazer muito sentido. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
E eis que as mulheres passaram a ser consideradas, nas palavras da autora, “escravas da procria\u00e7\u00e3o”. Segundo Federici (2019, p. 178) “enquanto na Idade M\u00e9dia elas podiam usar m\u00e9todos contraceptivos e haviam exercido um controle indiscut\u00edvel sobre o parto, a partir de agora seus \u00fateros se transformaram em territ\u00f3rio pol\u00edtico, controlados pelos homens e pelo Estado: a procria\u00e7\u00e3o foi colocada diretamente a servi\u00e7o da acumula\u00e7\u00e3o capitalista”. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
E mais: todo o trabalho feminino passou a ser visto como “tarefa dom\u00e9stica” ou n\u00e3o trabalho, parecia um recurso natural dispon\u00edvel para todos como o ar que respiramos. Frida, aten\u00e7\u00e3o: esse \u00e9 um aspecto fundamental que sustenta o sistema capitalista at\u00e9 hoje. Lembra que a Silvia sempre defendeu sal\u00e1rio para o trabalho dom\u00e9stico?<\/p>\n\n\n
Essa foi uma derrota hist\u00f3rica para as mulheres que, com o passar dos anos, foram perdendo mais e mais os direitos que possu\u00edam. Ao longo dos s\u00e9culos XVI e XVII, elas passaram a n\u00e3o poder mais realizar atividades econ\u00f4micas por conta pr\u00f3pria, fazer contratos ou representar a si mesmas nos tribunais. Eram consideradas “imbecis” para o Estado. <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\nNa cultura e literatura, eram depreciadas, tratados com hostilidade e comparadas aos “\u00edndios selvagens”, que eram tipo a ral\u00e9 da sociedade da \u00e9poca. O ponto \u00e9 que “a demoniza\u00e7\u00e3o dos povos ind\u00edgenas americanos serviu para justificar sua escraviza\u00e7\u00e3o e o saque de seus recursos. Na Europa, o ataque contra as mulheres justificou a apropria\u00e7\u00e3o de seu trabalho pelos homens e a criminaliza\u00e7\u00e3o de seu controle sobre a reprodu\u00e7\u00e3o” (FEDERICI, 2019, p. 203). <\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nenhuma das t\u00e1ticas teria obtido \u00eaxito, segundo a autora, se n\u00e3o tivessem sido sustentadas por campanhas de terror. No caso das mulheres europeias, esse terrorismo ficou conhecido como ca\u00e7a \u00e0s bruxas. Esse \u00e9 o pano de fundo. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
Acesse aqui<\/a> a segunda parte desta hist\u00f3ria. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Por conta de um projeto muito especial que vou revelar em breve, decidi reler o livro Calib\u00e3 e a bruxa: mulheres, corpo e acumula\u00e7\u00e3o primitiva, de Silvia Federici. O livro foi publicado em 2019, mas \u00e9 o resultado de praticamente 30 anos de pesquisas da fil\u00f3sofa italiana que h\u00e1 muito tempo vem atuando em diversos […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":13684,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[206],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13647"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13647"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13647\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13700,"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13647\/revisions\/13700"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/13684"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13647"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13647"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/falafrida.com.br\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13647"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}